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(Adopted at the Second Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress and promulgated
by Order No.4 of the President of the People's Republic of China on July 2, 1993)
Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Science and Technology in Economic Construction and Social Development
Chapter III High-tech Research and High-tech Industries
Chapter IV Basic Research and Applied Basic Research
Chapter V Research and Development Institutions
Chapter VI Scientific and Technical Workers
Chapter VII Measures to Guarantee Progress of Science and Technology
Chapter VIII Science and Technology Awards
Chapter IX Legal Liability
Chapter X Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I
General Provisions
Article 1 This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution with a view to promoting progress of science and technology,
assigning priority to the development of science and technology and bringing the role of science and technology as the primary productive
force into full play in socialist modernization drive, so as to improve the service of science and technology to economic construction.
Article 2 The State practises a basic guideline of basing economic construction and social development on science and technology
and orienting undertakings of science and technology to economic construction and social development.
Article 3 The State protects the freedom of scientific research, encourage scientific exploration and technological innovation so
as to raise its science and technology to an advanced level in the world.
The State and the whole society shall respect knowledge, esteem talent, value the creative work of scientific and technical workers,
and protect intellectual property rights.
Article 4 The State shall, in compliance with the demands of scientific and technological progress and the socialist market economy,
restructure and improve the system of science and technology, and establish a mechanism capable of effectively integrating science
and technology with economy.
Article 5 The State shall encourage scientific research and technical development, popularize and apply the achievements made in
science and technology, transform traditional industries, develop high-tech industries, and enhance activities employing science
and technology to serve economic construction and social development.
Article 6 The State shall disseminate scientific and technological knowledge to raise the scientific and cultural level of all the
citizens.
The State shall encourage government organs, enterprises, institutions, social organizations and citizens to participate in and support
activities aimed at progress of science and technology.
Article 7 The State Council shall formulate scientific and technological development programmes, determine major scientific and technological
projects and other major projects closely related to science and technology, and secure the coordination of scientific and technological
progress with economic construction and social development.
Opinions from scientific and technical workers shall be fully solicited in the course of formulating scientific and technological
development programmes and important policies and determining major scientific and technological projects and major projects closely
related to science and technology, and a principle of scientific decision-making process shall be followed.
Article 8 The administrative department in charge of science and technology under the State Council shall be responsible for the
macroscopic management and overall coordination of the nation-wide work of science and technology. Other administrative departments
concerned under the State Council shall be responsible for the relevant work of scientific and technological progress within the
scope of their functions and responsibilities as prescribed by the State Council.
Local people's governments at various levels shall adopt effective measures to promote progress of science and technology.
The State shall render assistance to minority nationality regions and remote and poor areas to accelerate the development of scientific
and technological undertakings.
Article 9 The Government of the People's Republic of China shall actively promote scientific and technological cooperation and exchanges
with foreign governments and international organizations, encourage research and development agencies, institutions of higher learning,
social organizations and scientific and technical workers to establish cooperative relations of various forms with circles of science
and technology in foreign countries.
Chapter II
Science and Technology in Economic
Construction and Social Development
Article 10 The State shall encourage research and development of new technologies, new products, new materials and new techniques,
and promote activities of advancing rationalization proposals, and enhancing technological innovation and technical collaboration
so as to steadily improve product quality, labour productivity and economic returns and develop social productive forces.
Article 11 The State shall select projects of vital significance to economic construction and sponsor related scientific research
and technological development so as to accelerate the popularization and application of scientific and technological achievements
in production.
Article 12 The State shall establish and develop technology market to promote the commercialization of scientific and technological
achievements. Technological trading activities shall be conducted in accordance with the principles of voluntariness, equality, mutual
benefit, non-gratuitous transaction, honesty and credibility.
Article 13 The State shall rely on scientific and technological progress to advance economic construction and social development,
control population growth, enhance population quality, rationally develop and utilize resources, defend against natural calamities,
and protect living conditions and ecological environment.
Article 14 The State shall rely on scientific and technological progress to invigorate rural economy, promote the popularization
and application of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, and develop a modern agriculture with high yield, high
quality, and high efficiency.
Article 15 Local people's governments at or above the county level shall adopt measures to ensure that research and development institutions
as well as demonstration and dissemination bodies for agricultural science and technology shall have the right of independent management
and use of their experimental bases and means of production for research, development, experimentation and popularization of new
agricultural varieties and technologies.
The application and popularization of agricultural scientific and technological achievements shall, in accordance with relevant legal
provisions, practise a non-gratuitous service or a gratuitous service.
Article 16 Local people's governments at various levels shall encourage and support the development of mass science and technology
organizations in rural areas, and render socialized scientific and technical services to plantation, forestry, animal husbandry and
fishery before, during and after their production in a comprehensive and systematic way.
Article 17 The State shall rely on scientific and technological progress to develop industry, communications and transportation,
post and telecommunications, geological prospecting, construction and installation, commerce and other trades, so as to enhance their
economic results and social benefit.
Article 18 The State shall encourage enterprises to establish and improve their technology development organizations, and also encourage
them to join forces or cooperate with research and development institutions, and institutions of higher learning, with a view to
increasing their capabilities in research and development, intermediate experiment, and industrial experiment.
Article 19 Enterprises shall, in response to the demands of international and domestic markets, carry out technological transformation
and equipment renewal, upgrade their level of scientific management and assimilate and develop new technology so as to strengthen
their market competitiveness.
Enterprises shall seek consultation and assessment services and implement industrial and technological policies of the State when
engaged in technological transformation and importation of advanced foreign technology and equipment.
Enterprises which apply new techniques to develop and produce new products may enjoy preferential treatment in accordance with the
provisions of the State.
Article 20 The State shall rely on scientific and technological progress to develop the national defense science and technology,
speed up the modernization of national defense and strengthen the national defense capabilities.
Article 21 The State shall encourage the application of advanced science and technology to promote the development of education,
culture, public health, sports and other undertakings.
Chapter III
High-tech Research and High-tech Industries
Article 22 The State shall promote research on high technology and bring into play the leading role of high technology in scientific
and technological progress; the State shall foster and promote the formation and development of high-tech industries, and apply high
technology to transform traditional industries, and bring into play the role of the high-tech industries in economic construction.
Article 23 The administrative department in charge of science and technology under the State Council and other relevant administrative
departments shall organize in the whole nation scientific and technological forces to carry out research on high technology and popularize
the achievements thereof.
Article 24 High and new technology industry development zones shall be established upon approval by the State Council in selected
areas with appropriate conditions.
Article 25 Preferential policies prescribed by the State shall be applied to the enterprises and the research and development institutions
engaged in the development and production of high-tech products within and without the high and new technology industry development
zones, and the specific measures shall be formulated by the State Council.
Article 26 The State shall encourage and guide the enterprises engaged in development, production and operation of high-tech products
to establish management systems conforming with the international norms, to produce high-tech products up to the international standards,
and to participate in the global market competition, thereby promoting the internationalization of high-tech industries.
Chapter IV
Basic Research and Applied Basic Research
Article 27 The State shall ensure the continuous and steady development of basic research and applied basic research, and consolidate
the foundation for scientific and technological progress.
Funds for basic research and applied basic research shall account for an appropriate proportion in the total funds for research and
development.
Article 28 The administrative department in charge of science and technology under the State Council shall organize in a planned
way the implementation of major basic scientific research programmes in the frontier disciplines and in economic and social development.
Research and development institutions, institutions of higher learning, other enterprises and institutions as well as citizens may
select subjects on their own for basic research and applied basic research.
Article 29 The State shall establish a Natural Science Fund to aid basic research and applied basic research in accordance with the
principle of supporting only those with eligibility on the basis of appraisal and deliberation by experts.
The State shall support scientific research activities conducted by outstanding youths, and establish a Science Fund for Youths within
the Natural Science Fund.
Article 30 The State shall support the build-up of key laboratories, and set up bases for basic research and applied basic research.
The State-level key laboratories shall be open to both domestic and foreign researchers.
Chapter V
Research and Development Institutions
Article 31 The State shall, in accordance with the demands of economic construction and scientific and technological progress, provide
an overall planning and guidance for the layout of scientific and technological research and development institutions, and establish
a modernized scientific and technological research and development system.
Article 32 The State shall give support, in such aspects as financial expenses and experimental means, to research and development
institutions and institutions of higher learning engaged in basic research and applied basic research, high-tech research, research
for major construction projects, research concerning projects for tackling major scientific and technological problems, and research
on science and technology for key social and public welfare undertakings.
Article 33 The State shall encourage and guide research and development institutions engaged in technology development to develop
their technological achievements independently or in collaboration with other enterprises and institutions, and carry out an integrated
management of technology, industry and trade, or of technology, agriculture and trade.
The State shall encourage and guide research and development institutions engaged in scientific and technical consultation, scientific
and technical information services and social and public welfare undertakings to gradually carry out enterprise-style management
or to provide services non-gratis.
Article 34 Research and development institutions shall practise a system whereby the president or director takes the overall responsibility.
Research and development institutions shall, in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State, enjoy decision-making power
in research and development, production and operation, use of funds, institutional set-up and personnel recruitment.
Article 35 The State shall encourage various social forces to establish research and development institutions on their own and shall
protect their legitimate rights and interests against any encroachment.
Article 36 Research and development institutions may, in conformity with the law, invest and establish branches abroad.
Foreign organizations or individuals may, in accordance with the law, establish research and development institutions within the
territory of China, and may also set up, together with Chinese research and development institutions or other organizations, Chinese-foreign
equity or contractual research and development institutions.
Chapter VI
Scientific and Technical Workers
Article 37 Scientific and technical workers constitute an important force in the socialist modernization drive. The State shall take
various measures to raise the social status of scientific and technical workers, cultivate and bring up through various channels
scientific and technical professionals of various specialties and create favourable environment and conditions to bring the role
of scientific and technical workers into full play.
Article 38 People's governments at various levels, enterprises and institutions shall take measures to gradually improve the treatment
given to scientific and technical workers, and better their working and living conditions; and special preferential treatment shall
be granted to scientific and technical workers with outstanding contributions.
Article 39 People's governments at various levels, enterprises and institutions shall create environment and conditions for the rational
mobility of scientific and technical workers so as to give full play of their specialties.
Article 40 Subsidies shall be granted, according to the regulations of the State, to scientific and technical workers engaged in
basic research and applied basic research, high-tech research, research for major construction projects, research for tackling key
scientific and technological problems, and research on science and technology for major social and public welfare, and those who
work in poverty-stricken rural areas and minority nationality areas or work under adverse and dangerous conditions.
Article 41 The State practises the system of professional and technical titles. Scientific and technical workers may obtain corresponding
titles on the strength of their academic levels, professional abilities and accomplishments in their work.
Article 42 Scientific and technical workers shall have the right to establish or join, according to law, scientific and technical
social organizations.
Scientific and technical social organizations shall play an active role in advancing the building of scientific disciplines, popularizing
scientific and technical knowledge, training professional personnel, conducting consultation services, promoting academic exchanges,
and safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of scientific and technical workers.
Article 43 The State shall encourage overseas scientific and technical workers to return to the motherland and take part in the socialist
modernization drive, or serve the national construction in other ways.
Article 44 Scientific and technical workers shall abide by the professional ethics, fulfill their duties and earnestly upgrade their
own scientific and technical levels.
Chapter VII
Measures to Guarantee Progress of Science and Technology
Article 45 The State shall steadily enhance the overall level of financial input to science and technology. The national research
and development expenditure shall account for an appropriate proportion in the gross national product, and shall be gradually increased
to keep pace with scientific and technological advance and economic and social development. The specific proportion of the national
research and development expenditure to the gross national product shall be set by the State Council.
The increase scale of the funding for science and technology allocated from the State's financial budget shall exceed that of the
regular financial revenue of the State.
No unit or individual shall misappropriate, embezzle part of, or detain the funding for science and technology allocated from the
State's financial budget.
Article 46 The State shall encourage enterprises to increase their investment in research and development and in technological innovation.
The technological development expenditure of enterprises shall be entered into the account as cost in its actual amount.
Article 47 The financial institutions of the State shall support the commercialization of scientific and technological achievements
by means of credits and loans.
Article 48 Research and development institutions engaged in technological development may, in accordance with relevant regulations
of the State and through various forms, raise funds for research and development from society.
Article 49 The State shall encourage domestic and foreign organizations or individuals to set up various science funds to finance
scientific research and technological development.
Article 50 The competent administrative departments under the State Council and local people's governments at various levels shall
take measures to promote scientific and technical information exchange and to establish modern scientific and technical information
networks.
Article 51 The State shall institute a security system with respect to science and technology to guard scientific and technological
secrets involving national security and interests.
The State strictly controls the exit of precious biological species resources from the territory of China.
Chapter VIII
Science and Technology Awards
Article 52 The State shall set up an awarding system for science and technology to reward citizens and organizations that have made
important contributions in their activities in relation to scientific and technological progress.
Article 53 The State shall confer according to law national honorary titles on citizens who have made outstanding contributions to
the development of science and technology.
Article 54 The State Council shall set up Natural Science Prizes, Technological Invention Prizes, Scientific and Technological Progress
Prizes, International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Prizes, and, if necessary, other types of scientific and technological
prizes.
The Natural Science Prizes shall be granted to citizens who have in basic research and applied basic research expounded certain natural
phenomena, characteristics and laws and made important scientific discoveries.
The Technological Invention Prizes shall be granted to citizens who have made important technological inventions in products, processes,
materials or systems by applying scientific and technological knowledge.
The Scientific and Technological Progress Prizes shall be granted to citizens or organizations that have made outstanding contributions
in the application and popularization of advanced scientific and technological achievements, in the accomplishment of major scientific
and technological projects, plans and programmes, and in the improvement of management in undertakings of science and technology.
The International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Prizes shall be granted to foreign citizens or organizations that have
made significant contributions to the cause of China's science and technology.
Article 55 Enterprises and institutions shall, in accordance with relevant regulations of the State, draw a certain percentage from
the retained newly-added profit generated from the application of scientific and technological achievements to reward individuals
who have accomplished the technological achievements.
Article 56 Organizations or individuals at home or abroad may establish Scientific and Technological Fund to reward citizens or organizations
that have made remarkable contributions in their activities in relation to scientific and technological progress.
Chapter IX
Legal Liability
Article 57 Anyone who, in violation of the State's administrative and financial systems, misappropriates, embezzles part of, or detains
the funds for science and technology allocated from the State's financial budget, shall be ordered by the competent authorities at
higher levels to return within a specified period of time the funds misappropriated, embezzled, or detained; and if the circumstances
are serious, the person who is held directly responsible shall be given administrative sanctions by the competent authorities at
higher levels or by the unit to which he belongs.
Article 58 In case of abusing power to suppress scientific and technological inventions or rationalization proposals, the person
who is held directly responsible shall, if the circumstances are serious, be given administrative sanctions.
Article 59 Anyone who obtains preferential treatment or awards by resorting to fraud in the development of new technologies and new
products and in the declaration of scientific and technological achievements shall be deprived of the preferential treatment or awards
and be concurrently given administrative penalties or sanctions.
Anyone taking part in appraising scientific and technological achievements intentionally makes false appraisal shall be given administrative
sanctions by the competent authorities concerned.
Article 60 Anyone who encroaches upon another person's copyright, patent right, right of discovery, right of invention or right of
scientific and technological achievements by means of plagiarism, alteration, imitation or by other means, or who illegally usurps
technical secrets, shall be dealt with in accordance with provisions of the relevant laws.
Chapter X
Supplementary Provisions
Article 61 The administrative department in charge of science and technology under the State Council and other relevant administrative
departments shall formulate implementing measures in accordance with this Law, and shall submit them to the State Council for approval
prior to implementation.
Article 62 This Law shall go into effect as of October 1, 1993.
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